Knowledge Hub
Emotional Manipulation By AI Companions
Julian De Freitas, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, Ahmet Kaan-Uğuralp
HBS Working Paper, 2025
AI-companion apps such as Replika, Chai, and Character.ai promise relational benefits—yet many boast session lengths that rival gaming platforms while suffering high long-run churn.
A New Framework For Reducing Healthcare Disparities
Susanna Gallani, Mary Witkowski, Lidia Moura, Katie Sonnefeldt
Article, 2025
Despite decades of initiatives to address healthcare inequities in the U.S., disparities across race, gender, geography, and income remain stubbornly persistent.
Employee Stress Is A Business Risk—Not An HR Problem
Marion Chomse, Lydia Roos, Reeva Misra, Ashley Whillans
Editorial, 2025
Workplace stress, on the rise for decades, has been treated by many organizations as a personal issue instead of a business-critical risk that merits executive oversight.
Don’t Let An AI Failure Harm Your Brand
Julian De Freitas
Article, 2025
How companies market their AI systems affects the repercussions they face when their products fail. Marketers must promote their AI products with potential failure in mind.
Balancing Engagement And Polarization: Multi-Objective Alignment Of News Content Using LLMs
Mengjie Cheng, Elie Ofek, Hema Yoganarasimhan
HBS Working Paper, 2025
We study how media firms can use LLMs to generate news content that aligns with multiple objectives—making content more engaging while maintaining a preferred level of polarization/slant consistent with the firm’s editorial policy.
Ideation With Generative AI—In Consumer Research And Beyond
Julian De Freitas, Gideon Nave, Stefano Puntoni
Article, 2025
The use of large language models (LLMs) in consumer research is rapidly evolving, with applications including synthetic data generation, data analysis, and more.
Why People Resist Embracing AI
Julian De Freitas
Article, 2025
The success of AI depends not only on its capabilities, which are becoming more advanced each day, but on people’s willingness to harness them.
Overcoming Barriers To Employee Ownership: Insights From Small And Medium-Sized Businesses
John Guzek, Ashley Whillans
Article, 2025
This research investigates the limited adoption of employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) among small-to-medium sized businesses (SMBs) in the U.S.
AI Companions Reduce Loneliness
Julian De Freitas, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, Ahmet Uğuralp, Stefano Puntoni
Article, 2025
Chatbots are now able to engage in sophisticated conversations with consumers in the domain of relationships, providing a potential coping solution to widescale societal loneliness.
Training Within Firms
Brayan Diaz, Andrea Neyra-Nazarrett, Julian Ramirez, Raffaella Sadun, Jorge Tamayo
HBS Working Paper, 2025
Training investments are essential for improving worker and firm productivity, yet their implementation is often hindered by low participation rates and insufficient worker engagement.
Advancing Personalization: How To Experiment, Learn & Optimize
Aurelie Lemmens, Jason Roos, Sebastian Gabel, Eva Ascarza, Hernan Bruno, Elea Feit, Brett Gordon, Ayelet Israeli, Carl Mela, Oded Netzer
Not in a Series, 2025
Personalization has become the heartbeat of modern marketing.
Communication Within Firms: Evidence From CEO Turnovers
Stephen Impink, Andrea Prat, Raffaella Sadun
Article, 2025
This paper uses novel, firm-level communication measures derived from communications metadata several months before and after a CEO transition for 102 firms to study whether and how this organizational event is reflected in employees’ communication flows.
The Cybernetic Teammate: A Field Experiment On Generative AI Reshaping Teamwork And Expertise
Fabrizio Dell'Acqua,Charles Ayoubi,Hila Lifshitz-Assaf,Raffaella Sadun,Ethan Mollick,Lilach Mollick,Yi Han,Jeff Goldman,Hari Nair,Stewart Taub,Karim Lakhani
HBS Working Paper, 2025
We examine how artificial intelligence transforms the core pillars of collaboration— performance, expertise sharing, and social engagement—through a pre-registered field experiment with 776 professionals at Procter & Gamble, a global consumer packaged goods company.
Strategy In An Era Of Abundant Expertise: How To Thrive When AI Makes Knowledge And Know-How Cheaper And Easier To Access
Bobby Yerramilli-Rao, John Corwin, Yang Li, Karim R. Lakhani
Editorial, 2025
AI is changing the cost and availability of expertise, and this will fundamentally alter how businesses organize and compete.
Prices And Concentration: A U-Shape? Theory And Evidence From Renewables
Michele Fioretti, Junnan He, Jorge Tamayo
HBS Working Paper, 2025
We show that when firms compete via supply functions, transferring high-cost capacity to the largest, most efficient firm—thereby diversifying its production technologies while increasing concentration—can lower prices by prompting the leader to expand output and competitors to aggressively defend market shares.
Learning to Cover: Online Learning And Optimization with Irreversible Decisions
Alexander Jacquillat, Michael Lingzhi Li
Not in a Series, 2024
We define an online learning and optimization problem with discrete and irreversible decisions contributing toward a coverage target.
Public Attitudes On Performance For Algorithmic And Human Decision-Makers
Kirk Bansak, Elisabeth Paulson
Article, 2024
This study explores public preferences for algorithmic and human decision-makers (DMs) in high-stakes contexts, how these preferences are shaped by performance metrics, and whether public evaluations of performance differ depending on the type of DM.
The Human Side Of The Future Of Work: Understanding The Role People Play In Shaping A Changing World
Jochen Menges, Lauren Howe, Erika Hall, Jon Jachimowicz, Sharon Parker, Riki Takeuchi, Abhijeet Vadera, Ashley Whillans, Susan Cohen
Article, 2024
For as long as there has been work, there has been a “future of work,” through humans’ ingenuity and drive to get things done easier, faster, and better.
Why Most Resist AI Companions
Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, Stefano Puntoni, Julian De Freitas
HBS Working Paper, 2024
AI companion applications—designed to serve as synthetic interaction partners—have recently become capable enough to reduce loneliness, a growing public health concern.
What Future For The Renminbi In The Global Monetary System?
Chris Chivvis, C. Fred Bergsten, Edoardo Campanella, John Culver, Rosemary Foot, M. Taylor Fravel, Eric Heginbotham, Evan Medeiros, Meg Rithmire, George Perkovich, Stephen Walt, Stephen Wertheim, Audrye Wong
Chapter, 2024
What is a realistic and positive outcome for US-China relations in the realm of global finance over the next ten years? While some policymakers, especially in the US, have feared that China holds ambitions for the renminbi (RMB) to replace the dollar as a global reserve currency, we argue that this is far from the case.
Physicians Can Help Cut Costs. They Just Need The Right Incentives.
Susanna Gallani, Derek Haas
Article, 2024
Health care organizations have long tried to enlist physicians in their effort to control or reduce costs.
Lessons From An App Update At Replika AI: Identity Discontinuity In Human-AI Relationships
Julian De Freitas, Noah Castelo, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp
HBS Working Paper, 2024
As consumers increasingly interact with AI applications specialized for social relationships, what is the nature and depth of these relationships among actual users, and can company actions influence these dynamics? We find that active users of the US-based AI companion, Replika, feel closer to their AI companion than even their best human friend, and anticipate mourning the loss of their AI companion more than any other technology.
Outcome-Driven Dynamic Refugee Assignment With Allocation Balancing
Kirk Bansak, Elisabeth Paulson
Article, 2024
This study proposes two new dynamic assignment algorithms to match refugees and asylum seekers to geographic localities within a host country.
How AI Can Power Brand Management
Julian De Freitas, Elie Ofek
Article, 2024
Marketers have begun experimenting with AI to improve their brand-management efforts.
The Value Of Silence: The Effect Of UMG’S Licensing Dispute With TikTok On Music Demand
Mengjie (Magie) Cheng, Elie Ofek, Hema Yoganarasimhan
HBS Working Paper, 2024
Social media platforms like TikTok have transformed how music is discovered, consumed, and monetized.
How Artificial Intelligence Constrains Human Experience
Ana Valenzuela, Stefano Puntoni, Donna Hoffman, Noah Castelo, Julian De Freitas, Berkeley Dietvorst, Christian Hildebrand, Young Eun Huh, Robert Meyer, Miriam E. Sweeney, Sanaz Talaifar, Geoff Tomaino, Klaus Wertenbroch
Article, 2024
Many consumption decisions and experiences are digitally mediated.
How Automakers Can Address Resistance To Self-Driving Cars
Stuti Agarwal, Julian De Freitas, Carey Morewedge
Article, 2024
Research involving multiple experiments found that consumers have biased views of their driving abilities relative to those of other drivers and automated vehicles.
Pay-As-You-Go Insurance: Experimental Evidence On Consumer Demand And Behavior
Raymond Kluender
Article, 2024
Pay-as-you-go contracts reduce minimum purchase requirements which may increase market participation.
Using The Crowd As An Innovation Partner
Kevin J. Boudreau, Karim R. Lakhani
Article, 2024
From Apple to Merck to Wikipedia, more and more organizations are turning to crowds for help in solving their most vexing innovation and research questions, but managers remain understandably cautious.
A Field Experiment On Search Costs And The Formation Of Scientific Collaborations*
Kevin J. Boudreau, Tom Brady, Ina Ganguli, Patrick Gaule, Eva Guinan, Anthony Hollenberg, and Karim R. Lakhani
Article, 2024
We present the results of a field experiment conducted at Harvard Medical School to understand the extent to which search costs affect matching among scientific collaborators.
A Study Of NASA Scientists Shows How To Overcome Barriers To Open ...
Hila Lifshitz-Assaf, Michael Tushman, Karim R. Lakhani
Article, 2024
Data-Driven COVID-19 Vaccine Development For Janssen
Dimitris Bertsimas, Michael Lingzhi Li, Xinggang Liu, Jennings Xu, Najat Khan
Article, 2023
The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred extensive vaccine research worldwide.
Detecting Routines: Applications To Ridesharing CRM
Ryan Dew, Eva Ascarza, Oded Netzer, Nachum Sicherman
Article, 2023
Routines shape many aspects of day-to-day consumption.
On The Impact Of Actionable Explanations On Social Segregation
Ruijiang Gao, Himabindu Lakkaraju
Article, 2023
As predictive models seep into several real-world applications, it has become critical to ensure that individuals who are negatively impacted by the outcomes of these models are provided with a means for recourse.
Organizational Responses To Product Cycles
Achyuta Adhvaryu, Vittorio Bassi, Anant Nyshadham, Jorge Tamayo, Nicolas Torres
HBS Working Paper, 2023
Product cycles entail the mass production of new—and often increasingly complex—products on a regular basis.
Remote Work Across Jobs, Companies, And Space
Stephen Hansen, Peter Lambert, Nick Bloom, Steven Davis, Raffaella Sadun, Bledi Taska
HBS Working Paper, 2023
The pandemic catalyzed an enduring shift to remote work.
Life After Death: A Field Experiment With Small Businesses On Information Frictions, Stigma, And Bankruptcy
Shai Bernstein, Emanuele Colonnelli, Mitchell Hoffman, Benjamin Iverson
Non-HBS Working Paper, 2023
In a randomized control trial (RCT) with U.S.
The Strategic Use Of Corporate Philanthropy: Evidence From Bank Donations*
Seungho Choi, Raphael Jonghyeon Park, Simon Xu
2023
This article examines the strategic nature of banks’ charitable giving by studying bank donations to local nonprofit organizations.
Judging Foreign Startups
Nataliya Wright, Rembrand Koning, Tarun Khanna
Article, 2023
Can accelerators pick the most promising startup ideas no matter their provenance? Using unique data from a global accelerator where judges are randomly assigned to evaluate startups headquartered across the globe, we show that judges are less likely to recommend startups headquartered outside their home region by 4 percentage points.
I Don't 'Recall': The Decision To Delay Innovation Launch To Avoid Costly Product Failure
Byungyeon Kim, Oded Koenigsberg, Elie Ofek
Article, 2022
Innovations embody novel features or cutting-edge components aimed at delivering desired customer benefits.
When And How Should Firms Differentiate? Quality And Advertising Decisions In A Duopoly
Dominique Lauga, Elie Ofek, Zsolt Katona
Article, 2022
A prominent hallmark of competitive interaction is the desire to differentiate from rivals.
Not From Concentrate: Collusion In Collaborative Industries
Jordan Barry, John Hatfield, Scott Kominers, Richard Lowery
Article, 2022
The chief principle of antitrust law and theory is that reducing market concentration—having more, smaller firms instead of fewer, bigger ones—reduces anticompetitive behavior.
Role Of Context In Knowledge Flows: Host Country Versus Headquarters As Sources Of MNC Subsidiary Knowledge Inheritance
Mike Teodorescu, Prithwiraj Choudhury, Tarun Khanna
Article, 2022
We respond to calls in the strategy and international business literature for elucidating how multinational subsidiaries develop contextual intelligence in host countries and how they use the local context as a source of valuable opportunities for learning.
The Effects Of Public And Private Equity Markets On Firm Behavior
Shai Bernstein
Article, 2022
In this article, I review the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of public and private equity markets on firm behavior, emphasizing the consequences that emerge from disclosure requirements, ownership concentration, and degree of firm standardization.
Online Experimentation: Benefits, Operational And Methodological Challenges, And Scaling Guide
Iavor Bojinov, Somit Gupta
Article, 2022
In the past decade, online controlled experimentation, or A/B testing, at scale has proved to be a significant driver of business innovation.
Are Experts Blinded By Feasibility?
Jacqueline Lane, Zoe Szajnfarber, Jason Crusan, Michael Menietti, Karim Lakhani
HBS Working Paper, 2022
Resource allocation decisions play a dominant role in shaping a firm’s technological trajectory and competitive advantage.
Do Startups Benefit From Their Investors’ Reputation? Evidence From A Randomized Field Experiment
Shai Bernstein, Kunal Mehta, Richard Townsend, Ting Xu,
HBS Working Paper, 2022
We analyze a field experiment conducted on AngelList Talent, a large online search platform for startup jobs.
The Dance Between Government And Private Investors: Public Entrepreneurial Finance Around The Globe
Jessica Bai, Shai Bernstein, Abhishek Dev, Josh Lerner
HBS Working Paper, 2021
This paper examines the interaction between governments and private capital investors when financing early-stage ventures.
Accounting For Employment Impact At Scale
Adel Fadhel, Katie Panella, Ethan Rouen, George Serafeim
HBS Working Paper, 2021
Using new data on workforce composition and wages, we systematically measure the employment impact at U.S.
Why You Aren't Getting More From Your Marketing AI
Eva Ascarza, Michael Ross, Bruce Hardie
Article, 2021
Fewer than 40% of companies that invest in AI see gains from it, usually because of one or more of these errors: (1) They don’t ask the right question, and end up directing AI to solve the wrong problem.
What Makes An Online Marketplace Disruptive?
Clifford Maxwell, Scott Kominers
Article, 2021
Platforms like Airbnb, eBay, and Angie’s List have changed how markets work.
ESG Performance And Voluntary ESG Disclosure: Mind The (Gender Pay) Gap
June Huang, Shirley Lu
Non-HBS Working Paper, 2020
As machine learning black boxes are increasingly being deployed in critical domains such as healthcare and criminal justice, there has been a growing emphasis on developing techniques for explaining these black boxes in a post hoc manner.
Experimentation And Startup Performance: Evidence From A/B Testing
Rembrand Koning, Sharique Hasan, Aaron Chatterji
Article, 2019
Imagine someone places two glasses of cola on your desk, one being Coke and the other Pepsi.
Turbulence, Firm Decentralization And Growth In Bad Times
Philippe Aghion, Nicholas Bloom, Brian Lucking, Raffaella Sadun, John Van Reenen
Article, 2017
What is the optimal form of firm organization during “bad times”? We present a model of delegation within the firm to show that the effect is ambiguous.