Knowledge Hub
Emotional Manipulation By AI Companions
Julian De Freitas, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, Ahmet Kaan-Uğuralp
HBS Working Paper, 2025
AI-companion apps such as Replika, Chai, and Character.ai promise relational benefits—yet many boast session lengths that rival gaming platforms while suffering high long-run churn.
A New Framework For Reducing Healthcare Disparities
Susanna Gallani, Mary Witkowski, Lidia Moura, Katie Sonnefeldt
Article, 2025
Despite decades of initiatives to address healthcare inequities in the U.S., disparities across race, gender, geography, and income remain stubbornly persistent.
Unregulated Emotional Risks Of AI Wellness Apps
Julian De Freitas, Glenn Cohen
Article, 2025
We propose that AI-driven wellness apps powered by large language models can foster extreme emotional attachments and dependencies akin to human relationships—posing risks like ambiguous loss and dysfunctional dependence—that challenge current regulatory frameworks and necessitate safeguards and informed interventions within these platforms.
Don’t Let An AI Failure Harm Your Brand
Julian De Freitas
Article, 2025
How companies market their AI systems affects the repercussions they face when their products fail. Marketers must promote their AI products with potential failure in mind.
Balancing Engagement And Polarization: Multi-Objective Alignment Of News Content Using LLMs
Mengjie Cheng, Elie Ofek, Hema Yoganarasimhan
HBS Working Paper, 2025
We study how media firms can use LLMs to generate news content that aligns with multiple objectives—making content more engaging while maintaining a preferred level of polarization/slant consistent with the firm’s editorial policy.
Ideation With Generative AI—In Consumer Research And Beyond
Julian De Freitas, Gideon Nave, Stefano Puntoni
Article, 2025
The use of large language models (LLMs) in consumer research is rapidly evolving, with applications including synthetic data generation, data analysis, and more.
Why People Resist Embracing AI
Julian De Freitas
Article, 2025
The success of AI depends not only on its capabilities, which are becoming more advanced each day, but on people’s willingness to harness them.
Disclosure, Humanizing, And Contextual Vulnerability Of Generative AI Chatbots
Julian De Freitas, I. Glenn Cohen
Article, 2025
In the wake of recent advancements in generative AI, regulatory bodies are trying to keep pace.
Reducing Prejudice With Counter-Stereotypical AI
Erik Hermann, Julian De Freitas, Stefano Puntoni
Article, 2025
Based on a review of relevant literature, we propose that the proliferation of AI with human-like and social features presents an unprecedented opportunity to address the underlying cognitive and affective drivers of prejudice.
AI Companions Reduce Loneliness
Julian De Freitas, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, Ahmet Uğuralp, Stefano Puntoni
Article, 2025
Chatbots are now able to engage in sophisticated conversations with consumers in the domain of relationships, providing a potential coping solution to widescale societal loneliness.
How Firms Respond To Worker Activism: Evidence From Global Supply Chains
Yanhua Bird, Jodi Short, Michael Toffel
HBS Working Paper, 2025
Social movement pressures can lead organizations to concede and improve social performance to avoid disruption costs, but we theorize that such responses evoke concession costs that prompt organizations to shift resources and attention from other social domains whose performance suffers.
An Empirical Examination Of Business Climate Alliances: Effective And/Or Harmful?
Matteo Gasparini, Peter Tufano
HBS Working Paper, 2025
This research studies business alliances that seek to address climate change, offering empirical evidence to address claims advanced by alliance supporters and critics.
Data-Driven Technologies And Local Information Advantages In Small Business Lending
Wilbur Chen, Jung Koo Kang, Aditya Mohan
HBS Working Paper, 2025
We investigate whether banks' adoption of data-driven technologies influences competitive dynamics in local small business lending by diminishing the information advantages traditionally held by local banks.
What Board-Level Control Mechanisms Changed In Banks Following The 2008 Financial Crisis? A Descriptive Study
Shelly Li, Shivram Rajgopal, Suraj Srinivasan, Yu Ting Wong
Article, 2025
Following the 2008 financial crisis, the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) identified major shortcomings in bank board governance, contributing to systemic risk management failures.
With A Little Help From My Family: Informal Startup Financing
Brian Baik, Johan Ludvig Karlsen, Katja Kisseleva
HBS Working Paper, 2025
Using Norwegian administrative data, we identify family equity investments in startups and examine their effects on investor returns and firm behavior.
Narrative AI And The Human-AI Oversight Paradox In Evaluating Early-Stage Innovations
Jacqueline Lane, Léonard Boussioux, Charles Ayoubi, Ying Hao Chen, Camila Lin, Rebecca Spens, Pooja Wagh, Pei-Hsin Wang
HBS Working Paper, 2025
Do AI-generated narrative explanations enhance human oversight or diminish it? We investigate this question through a field experiment with 228 evaluators screening 48 early-stage innovations under three conditions: human-only, black-box AI recommendations without explanations, and narrative AI with explanatory rationales.
Advancing Personalization: How To Experiment, Learn & Optimize
Aurelie Lemmens, Jason Roos, Sebastian Gabel, Eva Ascarza, Hernan Bruno, Elea Feit, Brett Gordon, Ayelet Israeli, Carl Mela, Oded Netzer
Not in a Series, 2025
Personalization has become the heartbeat of modern marketing.
Managing Remote Work Quality: Evidence From Auditing Management Systems Standards
Ashley Palmarozzo, Michael Toffel, Melissa Ouellet
HBS Working Paper, 2025
Remote work has become more common, providing operational flexibility and productivity benefits, but questions remain about whether and how it affects work quality.
The Cybernetic Teammate: A Field Experiment On Generative AI Reshaping Teamwork And Expertise
Fabrizio Dell'Acqua,Charles Ayoubi,Hila Lifshitz-Assaf,Raffaella Sadun,Ethan Mollick,Lilach Mollick,Yi Han,Jeff Goldman,Hari Nair,Stewart Taub,Karim Lakhani
HBS Working Paper, 2025
We examine how artificial intelligence transforms the core pillars of collaboration— performance, expertise sharing, and social engagement—through a pre-registered field experiment with 776 professionals at Procter & Gamble, a global consumer packaged goods company.
Strategy In An Era Of Abundant Expertise: How To Thrive When AI Makes Knowledge And Know-How Cheaper And Easier To Access
Bobby Yerramilli-Rao, John Corwin, Yang Li, Karim R. Lakhani
Editorial, 2025
AI is changing the cost and availability of expertise, and this will fundamentally alter how businesses organize and compete.
Prices And Concentration: A U-Shape? Theory And Evidence From Renewables
Michele Fioretti, Junnan He, Jorge Tamayo
HBS Working Paper, 2025
We show that when firms compete via supply functions, transferring high-cost capacity to the largest, most efficient firm—thereby diversifying its production technologies while increasing concentration—can lower prices by prompting the leader to expand output and competitors to aggressively defend market shares.
Corporate Ownership And ESG Performance
Belen Villalonga, Peter Tufano, Boya Wang
Article, 2025
Using a sample of 3083 firms from 62 countries over 18 years, we analyze how the structure and identity of firms' material owners influence their Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance.
Transaction Cost Economics In The Digital Economy: A Research Agenda
Frank Nagle, Robert Seamans, Steve Tadelis
Article, 2025
Transaction cost economics theory explains when it is more efficient for a transaction between two parties to occur across the market or within an organization.
Collusion In Brokered Markets
John William Hatfield, Scott Duke Kominers, Richard Lowery
Article, 2025
High commissions in the U.S.
Learning to Cover: Online Learning And Optimization with Irreversible Decisions
Alexander Jacquillat, Michael Lingzhi Li
Not in a Series, 2024
We define an online learning and optimization problem with discrete and irreversible decisions contributing toward a coverage target.
Public Attitudes On Performance For Algorithmic And Human Decision-Makers
Kirk Bansak, Elisabeth Paulson
Article, 2024
This study explores public preferences for algorithmic and human decision-makers (DMs) in high-stakes contexts, how these preferences are shaped by performance metrics, and whether public evaluations of performance differ depending on the type of DM.
The Human Side Of The Future Of Work: Understanding The Role People Play In Shaping A Changing World
Jochen Menges, Lauren Howe, Erika Hall, Jon Jachimowicz, Sharon Parker, Riki Takeuchi, Abhijeet Vadera, Ashley Whillans, Susan Cohen
Article, 2024
For as long as there has been work, there has been a “future of work,” through humans’ ingenuity and drive to get things done easier, faster, and better.
Why Most Resist AI Companions
Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, Stefano Puntoni, Julian De Freitas
HBS Working Paper, 2024
AI companion applications—designed to serve as synthetic interaction partners—have recently become capable enough to reduce loneliness, a growing public health concern.
Lessons From An App Update At Replika AI: Identity Discontinuity In Human-AI Relationships
Julian De Freitas, Noah Castelo, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp
HBS Working Paper, 2024
As consumers increasingly interact with AI applications specialized for social relationships, what is the nature and depth of these relationships among actual users, and can company actions influence these dynamics? We find that active users of the US-based AI companion, Replika, feel closer to their AI companion than even their best human friend, and anticipate mourning the loss of their AI companion more than any other technology.
Outcome-Driven Dynamic Refugee Assignment With Allocation Balancing
Kirk Bansak, Elisabeth Paulson
Article, 2024
This study proposes two new dynamic assignment algorithms to match refugees and asylum seekers to geographic localities within a host country.
How AI Can Power Brand Management
Julian De Freitas, Elie Ofek
Article, 2024
Marketers have begun experimenting with AI to improve their brand-management efforts.
The Value Of Silence: The Effect Of UMG’S Licensing Dispute With TikTok On Music Demand
Mengjie (Magie) Cheng, Elie Ofek, Hema Yoganarasimhan
HBS Working Paper, 2024
Social media platforms like TikTok have transformed how music is discovered, consumed, and monetized.
How Artificial Intelligence Constrains Human Experience
Ana Valenzuela, Stefano Puntoni, Donna Hoffman, Noah Castelo, Julian De Freitas, Berkeley Dietvorst, Christian Hildebrand, Young Eun Huh, Robert Meyer, Miriam E. Sweeney, Sanaz Talaifar, Geoff Tomaino, Klaus Wertenbroch
Article, 2024
Many consumption decisions and experiences are digitally mediated.
How Automakers Can Address Resistance To Self-Driving Cars
Stuti Agarwal, Julian De Freitas, Carey Morewedge
Article, 2024
Research involving multiple experiments found that consumers have biased views of their driving abilities relative to those of other drivers and automated vehicles.
Pay-As-You-Go Insurance: Experimental Evidence On Consumer Demand And Behavior
Raymond Kluender
Article, 2024
Pay-as-you-go contracts reduce minimum purchase requirements which may increase market participation.
The Health Risks Of Generative AI-Based Wellness Apps
Julian De Freitas, Glenn Cohen
Article, 2024
Artifcial intelligence (AI)-enabled chatbots are increasingly being used to help people manage their mental health.
Using The Crowd As An Innovation Partner
Kevin J. Boudreau, Karim R. Lakhani
Article, 2024
From Apple to Merck to Wikipedia, more and more organizations are turning to crowds for help in solving their most vexing innovation and research questions, but managers remain understandably cautious.
A Field Experiment On Search Costs And The Formation Of Scientific Collaborations*
Kevin J. Boudreau, Tom Brady, Ina Ganguli, Patrick Gaule, Eva Guinan, Anthony Hollenberg, and Karim R. Lakhani
Article, 2024
We present the results of a field experiment conducted at Harvard Medical School to understand the extent to which search costs affect matching among scientific collaborators.
What Makes A Successful Celebrity Brand?
Ayelet Israeli, Jill Avery, Leonard Schlesinger, Matt Higgins
Article, 2024
Celebrities have shifted from endorsing established brands to being influencers for established brands to drawing on their influence to create brands themselves.
Data-Driven COVID-19 Vaccine Development For Janssen
Dimitris Bertsimas, Michael Lingzhi Li, Xinggang Liu, Jennings Xu, Najat Khan
Article, 2023
The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred extensive vaccine research worldwide.
Detecting Routines: Applications To Ridesharing CRM
Ryan Dew, Eva Ascarza, Oded Netzer, Nachum Sicherman
Article, 2023
Routines shape many aspects of day-to-day consumption.
On The Impact Of Actionable Explanations On Social Segregation
Ruijiang Gao, Himabindu Lakkaraju
Article, 2023
As predictive models seep into several real-world applications, it has become critical to ensure that individuals who are negatively impacted by the outcomes of these models are provided with a means for recourse.
To Overcome Resistance To DEI, Understand What’s Driving It
Eric Shuman, Eric Knowles, Amit Goldenberg
Editorial, 2023
Employees often resist DEI initiatives, which of course hinders their effectiveness.
Life After Death: A Field Experiment With Small Businesses On Information Frictions, Stigma, And Bankruptcy
Shai Bernstein, Emanuele Colonnelli, Mitchell Hoffman, Benjamin Iverson
Non-HBS Working Paper, 2023
In a randomized control trial (RCT) with U.S.
Judging Foreign Startups
Nataliya Wright, Rembrand Koning, Tarun Khanna
Article, 2023
Can accelerators pick the most promising startup ideas no matter their provenance? Using unique data from a global accelerator where judges are randomly assigned to evaluate startups headquartered across the globe, we show that judges are less likely to recommend startups headquartered outside their home region by 4 percentage points.
When And How Should Firms Differentiate? Quality And Advertising Decisions In A Duopoly
Dominique Lauga, Elie Ofek, Zsolt Katona
Article, 2022
A prominent hallmark of competitive interaction is the desire to differentiate from rivals.
Your Company Needs A Space Strategy. Now.
Matthew Weinzierl, Prithwiraj Choudhury, Tarun Khanna, Alan MacCormack, Brendan Rosseau
Article, 2022
Space is becoming a potential source of value for businesses across a range of sectors, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, and tourism.
A Causal Test Of The Strength Of Weak Ties
Karthik Rajkumar, Guillaume Saint-Jacques, Iavor Bojinov, Erik Brynjolfsson, Sinan Aral
Article, 2022
The authors analyzed data from multiple large-scale randomized experiments on LinkedIn’s People You May Know algorithm, which recommends new connections to LinkedIn members, to test the extent to which weak ties increased job mobility in the world’s largest professional social network.
Consumer Demand With Social Influences: Evidence From An E-Commerce Platform
El Hadi Caoui, Chiara Farronato, John Horton, Robert Schultz
Non-HBS Working Paper, 2022
For some kinds of goods, rarity itself is valued.
Developing a Digital Mindset: How to Lead Your Organization into the Age of Data, Algorithms, and AI
Tsedal Neeley, Paul Leonardi
Article, 2022
Learning new technological skills is essential for digital transformation.
Do Startups Benefit From Their Investors’ Reputation? Evidence From A Randomized Field Experiment
Shai Bernstein, Kunal Mehta, Richard Townsend, Ting Xu,
HBS Working Paper, 2022
We analyze a field experiment conducted on AngelList Talent, a large online search platform for startup jobs.
The International Price Of Remote Work
Agostina Brinatti, Alberto Cavallo, Javier Cravino, Andres Drenik
Non-HBS Working Paper, 2021
We study how the price of remote work is determined in a globalized labor market using data from a large web-based job platform, where workers from around the world compete for remote jobs.
The Endless Digital Workday
Arjun Narayan, Rohan Narayana Murty, Rajath Das, Scott Kominers
Article, 2021
The shift to remote work ended the traditional 9–5 workday: employees work in bursts, at night, between caregiving tasks, and whenever they can find time between the endless distractions of messages, calls, and emails.
Why You Aren't Getting More From Your Marketing AI
Eva Ascarza, Michael Ross, Bruce Hardie
Article, 2021
Fewer than 40% of companies that invest in AI see gains from it, usually because of one or more of these errors: (1) They don’t ask the right question, and end up directing AI to solve the wrong problem.
ESG Performance And Voluntary ESG Disclosure: Mind The (Gender Pay) Gap
June Huang, Shirley Lu
Non-HBS Working Paper, 2020
As machine learning black boxes are increasingly being deployed in critical domains such as healthcare and criminal justice, there has been a growing emphasis on developing techniques for explaining these black boxes in a post hoc manner.